Category: Writing

  • Our Perceived Moral Imperative

    Of the Imperative

    Where does it come from – this, our individual and human need to find out, discover and document the system of beliefs that we will claim to hold to. It is not a simple or easy task. In fact, it is a task that we will cling to for the duration of our lives, but it is a task that we apply all our strength, our might, our power to this, our journey of perhaps the greatest import; all the while praying that we may arrive before we die and that when we arrive we will find that it has been worth it.

    It is this journey that will make all that we struggle against, all that we have fought for, all that weight we have carried, all that we have travailed through for our entire journey will make it all worth it. That is what we hope for. That is why we do it. Anything else will not just disappoint us, but will be a strike of mockery against us and will cause all that we have done to have been done in vain.

    What is this, our monumental task, which can bring us to our collective knees and threatens to void all our careful work in society as a whole? It is the effort of charting our morals: deciding in some sort of a collective and definitive way, what it means to be right and wrong. While this journey is often seen as intuitive and noble it is also futile and flawed.

    Of the Intuitiveness

    In many ways, the core nature of this moral journey is to help us to learn and discover what is good. All that have, that can and that ever will claim to be humane have commenced, at least in some part, upon this journey: it is a critical component in humanity and to the perpetuation of all that we perceive to be good and wholesome. At our core is an intuitive something, a quiet need, to seek after, embrace and cultivate these ‘good’ things and use them to overcome all that is not ‘good’.

    It is this intuitive nature of the journey that turns it from a series of missions seeming arbitrarily assigned that can then accomplished and dismissed into a collection of custom tailored and insightful explorations of the self. The journey, being intuitive, is not concerned with logic and rational thinking; in fact it isn’t even concerned with completion. Its only single and sole concern is experience. Intuition, unlike thought, requires actual and real interaction with a situation. It itself is concerned with relating to and indentifying with an object be it physical, spiritual or situational.

    Much like the methodical nature of the sciences, intuition can only tell you what you have actually experienced. One may piece together a series of experiences and thus develop a magnum opus of morality, but the work will fall short as it is based on the theories, concepts and thought. The moral journey is one of experiences: the interaction of a sentient conscience within the confines of a given situation. To remove either the reality of the situation or the uniqueness of the conscience is to remove the morality and thus convert the journey into a series of scenarios better suited for mathematicians to calculate than for the endeavor of the human conscience to experience, explore and savor.

    This vehement resistance to preponderance and lack of predictability is what makes the journey worthwhile. For if critical moral experiences could simply be meticulously processed without experiencing them then the journey would be reduced to a simple course in higher education. Instead we find that the actual experience is far superior for the satisfaction of intuition than the forethought of such situations. Additionally we find that the more we try to track all possible variable of a moral bound situation, the more new and unexpected variable begin to appear. Thus, it is nearly impossible, except among uncreative or heavily socially stigmatized persons, to build an adequate scenario to effectively predicate any given persons response that reliably matches the reality of experience.

    Of the Nobility

    Note that the journey is not about acquiring the good; rather, it is about learning the good. It is not about finding the limits of good, but about experiencing the infinite nature of good. It is not about using the good, but about discovering the good. In this, the journey can be at once endless, perpetual and pure.

    If the journey were to shift towards using good and away from discovering good then the journey becomes a quest for power and glory, and thus it is no longer a journey – in which the morally courageous a delve into the depths of the soul, with an attached hope to victorious emerge from the abyss, being born anew and having been forever changed by the darkness – but it has become a crusade – a mission of appointment from a higher source for the purpose of obtaining a specific goal that, when accomplish, can be used as a weapon to bring the world into submission – a crusade that the soul, and its inherent corruptness, could not successfully endure and remain unscathed. Thus the purity of the journey makes it noble.

    If the journey were to shift towards acquiring and away from learning then the time would eventually come when the journey must end because all that is good has been collected and there is nothing more to be had; of what use would the journey be if it were over and life were to continue on. A new and different journey would need to be such that it would alter the balance of life and the universal justice that is about us: a disequilibrium that must and will be corrected through some means or another. By turning good into a commodity creates in inherent economy within the journey.

    This economy, as with all economies, would automatically preclude some from joining the journey because of its temporal cost. Such elements would be in direct contradiction to the introspective and transitive nature of the journey. Thus, the endlessness of the journey protects its nobility.

    If the journey were to shift towards finding the finite limits of good and away from experiencing the infinite nature of good then the mysterious, and thus interesting, components of good would be dispelled and its perusal would no longer be a worthwhile endeavor nor could it remain a hallmark of the journey. It would, over time, be complied next to every other great work, locked away in a textbook that is rarely revised or looked at and is eventually discarded in the abyss of obtained knowledge that has been devalued before being completely forgotten in the obscure annals of time and space.

    That the limits to the journey can never be found because there are no limits and the implications then that the journey can only either be endured or escaped but never conquered allows for the transcending of mere mortals into legends and gives us opportunity to grasps the planes of the Gods. Thus, the perpetuation of the journey sanctifies its nobility.

    Of the Futility

    We each imagine ourselves as our own agents in the journey; each individual capable of altering and controlling our own course – that somehow we can choose what we will be and how we will get there. The cold, unrelenting truth of the cosmic course is that we can only choose one: either we can decide what we will be or we can decide how we will get there.

    An ability to choose when and how is beyond the rules of the cosmoses: the consequences are already set for every possible choice, each reward and consequence being fixed and immovable. Even chance and probability are tied to the same consequences and thus even the gamblers are not “teasing fate”, rather they are simply pulling from the bank of possibilities, making them an exhibition in marksmanship, not defiance. Indeed, we are all so equally bound that the one certainty of life is that there is always an end of mortality, however it may come.

    Thus, in this our journey of morality, we have little actual recourse to justify between wrong and right. In a moral world, one that was concerned with ‘good’ behavior, we would see consequences that matched ‘good’ behavior with ‘good’ consequences and ‘bad’ behavior with ‘bad’ consequences. We would see that every time one did something ‘good’ – such as helping an old lady cross the road – then one would always experience a ‘good’ consequence – such as a monetary payout. Contrarily, if one does something ‘bad’ – such as steal candy – we would experience a ‘bad’ consequence – such as a bird swooping down and popping one’s eye out.

    Instead we see a seemingly random distribution of behavior and consequences; for example, assuming that theft is ‘bad’: we see that highly skilled thieves are able to live very well on their plunder. Another example, assuming that hard work is ‘good’: we see that highly skilled workers are able to live very well on their paid labor. Thus, ‘bad’ is rewarded with ‘good’ and ‘good’ is also rewarded with ‘good’. This randomness is attributed to the absolute universal laws that must remain in balance and isn’t really random at all. Further analysis reveals that every action has a cataloged, defined response that will be coldly, cleanly delivered with an unfailing precision.

    This unwavering precision for the delivery of justice limits the end sum of any moral journey. In the end, no matter what enlightened state has been obtained or heights have been submitted, the universe will remain constant and unchanged and thus the new laws of ‘good’ morals that have been aspired to will solicit no difference in response and the world continue along its merry way. Nothing but intrinsic value has been gained.

    In this way the universe and its evolutionary processes are blind selective agents. They do not concern themselves with what any others have planned or how their consequences will affect others. No, the subjects of evolution and chosen at random and conscripted into labor as an experimental test. Thus, the sole and single driving force of change cannot be interfered with nor be affected by moral theory or practices. Indeed, the system is designed to ensure that any moral reservations generally remain unrewarded, at least within the strict system of universal consequence. This makes the entire experience of moral exploration an intrinsic journey in which the traveler must generate, and be satisfied by, their own reward subsystem.

    Of the Flaw

    Though we don’t always realize the futility of the journey we pursue it regardless; even those who long ago recognized the bleakness of the journey still cling to it. It is all they have; it is all that anyone really has. Yet, they don’t really have it. While it is a journey that we feel compelled to take regardless of the possibility of success and extreme potential for failure, it is a journey that by our very nature we are driven to immerse ourselves in. It is am individually developed drive that is facilitated by our biological programming for us to delve into. Thus, with little more than a trivial social push we reassign our prerogatives and devote all that we can muster into our quest to fulfill our imperative and find our moral standing.

    Where does our reasoning come from? Did God, the Universe, some ultimate or penultimate being set forth decree that we then feel compelled to oblige? If such a decree went forth, where is it now? Was the decree embedded within us so that it could unmistakably be followed, thus ensuring compliance? If such is the case, then why does fate fight us so much in our quest: the mother who must choose to sacrifice herself or her child, either way to never distill her wisdom onto her posterity; the dying man who must decide whether to allow his children a workless life or condemn them to the same harsh life he suffered; the repressed society that must decide if the sacrifice of a revolt is worth the steep and painful climb to a better life for all.

    The choices hardly seem fair, and though not complex, each choice will be subjected to much though and painstaking calculation. As if not only the future depended on the outcome but also, and more importantly to the individual, the perceived moral implications.

    This, the perceptibility of our moral implications, is perhaps the cruelest and greatest flaw in this our moral imperative: that all our morality, and immorality for that matter, is based on, rooted in and judged upon nothing more than our own personal perceptions. This means that our legacy is limited to whatever we choose it to be and once we are gone others will change that legacy to suit their own perception, for better or worse. Thus, every individual is doing what they feel is the best thing to do. No one – be they mere mortals or angels that have defied Gods and demons – can define morality for another. Such is the indisputable nature of morality.

    Even one with the shield of the Past and the sword of the Future can do little more than explain the efficacy of events and certainly cannot judge them to be ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. From all time bound sense: they simply have been, now are or will yet be; they cannot be justly weighed in their full glory against the events of eternity save there be one who would step forth with a definite and final authority on the topic. Even then, much elocution will be needed to extended proper exemptions and defaults based on the actual processed knowledge and comprehension of each individual involved. It is not just to condemn an individual for the failure to realize and apply the occult truths that were never dispensed but instead had to be sought after and fought for during our journey.

    Of the Finality

    Thus, while this journey finds individual completion at the end of each mortal life, the journey as a whole will never have completion, it is not capable of completion. We, as a whole, as human beings will never be satisfied with the sum of the individual responses and will either be driven to perpetually seek moral refinement or dull the drive of biology until we have ceased progression and again become our baser selves, primitive. While the journey helps soothe the savage beast and quell our silent rebellion it demands a never ending commitment to its pursuit, lest at any time the journey be ended before mortality and the individual is left without a basis of self improvement.

    While the great moral journey remains flawed because it lacks a concise and final judge, at least in the corporeal realms, to dictate and guide future journeymen, it remains a noble endeavor: one worthy of the best, and worst, that humanity has to offer. For in the journey all can find not only solace from the pains of mortality but also a reason, and indeed the desperately needed, practical application of self to the pursuit of a greater calling. In this, the basest individual can introspect a reason for extroversion and the greatest can extrospect a reason for introversion and all can achieve harmony.

    Such individuality plays to our intuition, allowing each of us to commence our ‘special’ calling that we feel we hold. We intuitively sense that we are each special and being able to pursue our special and unique purpose in life. Our intuition is furthered by our experiences, each unique, and though categorical, each experience is unmatchable by any other.

    The focus of the great journey, being based on experience and not acquisition, allows the sojourner to also focus on the path and not the destination. There is no suitable excuse for the Levite or the Priest to deny the mugged Jew left for dead on the road side. Instead, each individual on the moral journey are able to play the ‘good’ Samaritan without constraints on time. The lack of focus on the destination also gives the individual the ability to change their role from to the knight in shining armor or general on the hill, as the given situation demands. This flexibility optimizes the nobility of the journey for the journeyman without hampering the journey for the whole.

    So the great journey becomes this, our perceived moral imperative.

  • Muse on Mutual Exclusivity

    (this short is a continuation of my previous essay Quorum Sensing or Natural Leadership)

    Mutual Exclusivity ≠ Implied Duplicity as Big Bird ≠ “Roy”
    Mutual Exclusivity = Quorum Sensing as Implied Duplicity = Democracy

    With quorum sensing, mutual exclusivity becomes a null point as the interpretation of the sensing is more important than the sensing itself. But, quorum sensing cannot operate with implied duplicity as quorum sensing can only handle a single decision at its conclusion, no matter how many options or iterations were available at the outset.

    It is not that quorum sensing cannot handle duplicity, but that it cannot handle individuality. In democracy, individual issues can be addressed and resolved mono a mono. With quorum sensing, only the whole can be resolved; individual issues will be weighed in the grand scheme then decided on in the classic quorum sensing method. Thus quorum sensing not only resolves the issues related to individuality, but such issues cannot be separated from the whole without damaging the sensing as a whole.

    Though it cannot handle the individual nature of implied duplicity, quorum sensing will, in the end, always pick the optimal option based on the individual and collective needs against the available options, preferences and needs, each weighed against the singular personality. Quorum sensing is also highly resistant to corruption as the whole decides the best option from the available choices.

  • Slow Degradation in a Metaphorical Fire

    Analogies are powerful tools. We use them a lot, really we do. We use them anytime we are trying to describe a complex topic when all other metaphors fail. Analogies are in fact a form of metaphor that we use to describe something in parallel to something else. When we use a metaphor we use other items to describe the subject at hand; with an analogy we compare the subject at hand to another topic and thus infer using “if, then” statements how one works based on the other.

    Analogies simply enough; you pick a complex topic, say ‘life’, then you pick a less complex thing to compare it to, ‘skydiving’: life is like skydiving. This statement is of course true, to a point. When you go skydiving you instructions from an expert while you’re on the ground, then you load up in a plane, take off and jump. When you jump you get to prove how well you listened to the instructions. Once you’ve landed safely a little car comes and picks you up and takes you back to base. You get a little piece of paper congratulating you on a successful dive (and if you paid enough money you get pictures and a video too). Now you are a skydiving expert. So it is in life that you start out for about 18 years getting instructions from an ‘expert, before you load up into a plane called “school”, take off and then jump into your own life. When you jump you get to prove how well you listened to the instructions. Once you’ve landed safely you get in your little car and drive back to your home. You get a little piece of paper saying “you’re married” (and if you paid enough money you get pictures and a video too). Now you are an expert on life and can raise a family.

    Only it’s not really like that at all. Life isn’t so clearly divided into instruction and action. While skydiving even once gives you some experience, having been a child does little to teach effective parenting skills. Particularly considering how little of our earliest years we remember. Skydiving allows for little feedback in new experiences: that is you can’t keep making small tweaks the entire dive. On the other hand, life allows, and in many ways demands, that you make constant modifications in order to land safely.

    The metaphor works on the beginning levels – when talking about the stages of skydiving compared to the stage of life – but breaks down as it gets more analogous – when we continue the metaphor into having been a child allows one to be a good parent.

    Degradation should be expected as the analogy gets deeper. If there was something that was a perfect analogy of something else you would find that they are in fact the same thing, at least morally and philosophically. They have to be.

    But the point of an analogy is to help others understand something by relating it to something they already know or can at least imagine. In the skydiving example, most people can at least picture described process of preparing and jumping in a way they might not be able to imagine preparing and jumping into life. This parallelism is what makes analogies so rich and important in our daily communications: they are designed to expand understanding in a new field.

    It is important when participating in metaphors and analogies, or expanding our knowledge in any other way, to be able to separate the tools of expansion, that is the metaphor and the analogy, from the actual expansion itself: a deeper understanding of preparing for, and jumping into, life. Coupled with this ability to separate is the ability to identify when a given metaphor has grown into an analogy through complexity and later what the analogy has outgrown our knowledge, breaking down and falling apart, and thus is no longer able to sustain our newly gained understanding. This process is similar to the expansion of truth, rather our perception of truth, through time as we grow our understanding and expand our knowledge.

    As metaphors and analogies break down it may be necessary to develop a new analogy, but caution should be exercised before doing so. Remembering that the entire purpose of the metaphor or analogy was to help us understand something we couldn’t otherwise grasp we should ask: “has understanding expanded enough to allow us to learn the actual thing instead of something that is like the thing?” We should always strive to get along without any metaphor or analogy as they can hinder a more real understanding. Plus, not using the crutch of an analogy removes the problem of degradation altogether.

  • Where is the Agency in Compulsion?

    As of late I have been thinking “what use is it to teach logic and thinking only to then insist we all think and act the same way?” We claim as a society that we value our liberties above all other things. We state that the First Amendment should be upheld everywhere and thus promote free speech, that everyone in the world should have the right to choose their leaders and thus push democracy throughout the world, that everyone can achieve the “American Dream” and thus bolster education.

    We love liberty and revel in it, or at least in our own. When it comes to the liberties of others we slow down a little bit. We are happy that we can say whatever we want, but we cringe when we hear someone defending a distasteful opinion. We are joyous to vote for a leader, but then disrespectfully walk out of that leader’s speech because we didn’t choose him. We cherish our ability to achieve our dreams, but then get angry when others ‘have it easy’. How do we overcome these frustrating differences? We slowly manipulate the perception of world until our way is the only reasonable way and every other way is corrupt, evil and bad.

    A Lack of Diversity

    It goes something like this: Someone does something we don’t like so we institute a rule against it. They continue to do things we don’t like and we continue to make rules. Each rule by itself seems mostly harmless, but when gathered collectively they create an intricate web of social do’s and don’ts as determined by whoever made the rules. The problem is that the cumulative rules prevent anyone from being ‘unacceptably’ different from us. Time and again history has shown us that a lack of diversity is not just bad but can bring ruin. Let us look at Ireland’s Great Famine:

    One of the bounties of the New World was the potato. This marvelous new food could easily be grown in a large variety of places and climates. Europe loved this magic new food and embraced it whole heartedly. Not long after its introduction the potato became a staple of the Irish diet. Along came the 1840’s bringing with it a potato disease that attacked only a certain kind of potato. It happened to be the one kind that the Irish, and most of Europe, used for food. The results were devastating, causing a 20% decline in Ireland’s population over the next decade from death and emigration. The Indians of the New World never experience this sort of famine. The reason was simple: the Indians had planted up to a hundred different varieties of potatoes and the Irish one. When disease comes along and wipes out one of a hundred different varieties of food it is no big deal, when it wipes out one of ten varieties it is devastating.

    By creating such strong restrictions so as to greatly limit diversity we invite the devastation of the Great Famine and risk complete failure, all because of a lack of tolerance.

    Removing the Grey Matter

    Another form of compulsion is to limit choice so much that people must choose between two extremes. This method gives the illusion that people still have a choice, and technically they do, but they have no viable options. For example, pretend I switched all of my roommate Red’s shirts with Peran Sea monster shirts. Red still technically has choices: he can wear the Peran Sea monster or the Peran Sea monster. In the end Red will have to wear a Peran Sea monster shirt (which are actually quite good looking shirts, though I am biased). Red does have some other non-viable choices though: he can choose run away instead of wearing the shirts; he can choose to go shirtless; he can choose to defy me and buy a T-Rex shirt. None of these are considered viable options for one reason: humans innately desire to do and be good. Society teaches us that running away is bad; running around in public shirtless is evil and rebelling against the established order is corrupt. Therefore Red is left with the choice of Peran Sea monster shirt.

    I will concede that non-viable options are sometime exercised, but I would ask “why?” Is it because the individual doesn’t know they are bad? Not likely. In fact, I think that often rebellion happens only because it is rebellion; because it is outside the established norm that the action is chosen to express contempt for authority. If the action is suddenly brought within the norm, it is a useless form of expression as it is no longer contempt.

    Back to the grey matter. Most decision have clearly white (right, correct, good) and black (wrong, incorrect, bad) boundaries, at least in our own minds. The trouble comes when we encounter situations that fall between our clearly defined limits into the grey zone where white and black mingle. Because every person has different experiences and looks at those experiences differently, everyone has different grey zones. These zones are important to our individuality. They are the zones that we feel like we can safely experience the thrill of something new and different without being outright in the black. They are higher risk from what we are used to, but not so far away from the white that we feel like we have gone too far. Grey zones allow us to experiment with the unknown without being ‘wrong’. When the grey zone is removed, and with it our ability to safely experiment, we are forced to choose: Do we want to fulfill our innate need to be ‘right’ as others define it and loss our ability to express our uniqueness or do we want to fulfill our desire to be recognized as a unique individual and be considered ‘wrong’ by others? Compacted: we must choose someone else’s white or black and either be seen as complacent or rebel, really good or really bad, because all the middle ground has been removed.

    Balance

    A healthy balance needs to be struck between allowing us the satisfaction of exploring curiosity and protecting us from harm. Though I do not clam to be an expert at finding this balance, I know that it is important. Limiting choices to the point where people must decide whether to forsake their agency or go into open rebellion in not agency at all and in the face of ‘logical disease’ a group that is devoid of any grey material will be devastated and an ensuing intellectual famine will follow.

  • Quorum Sensing (or Natural Leadership Vetting)

    Quorum sensing is the component of swarm intelligence that allows a swarm (or group) to settle on a decision and begin acting on that decision. It is used in a large variety of natural and artificial systems. I’ll use a rock dwelling ant colony to illustrate the concept of quorum sensing:

    A colony of ants happily dwells in their rocky home until the rocks shift causing extensive damage to their colony. The shifted rocks are no longer a suitable habitation for the colony and worker ants venture out looking for a new home. Every possible nook and cranny is explored until one large enough is found. The individual worker ant inspects the crevice and assesses its suitability for the colony including lighting, water flow and air ways. After the inspection the ant heads back to the colony and waits.

    The waiting period is inversely tied to the quality of the new site. The poorer quality the site is the longer the ant waits, the better the site the less it waits. Once the waiting time is over the initial worker ant solicits other ants to follow him to inspect the new site. After the second inspection is complete the ants return and again wait, the same waiting rules apply, before soliciting yet another group of ants to inspect. At a critical point, the worker ants that remained in the colony realize that enough ants have approved a site and they pack up to follow them to the new site and the whole colony is relocated.

    The timing of the waiting period is critical. The worker ant is basically waiting to see if another worker returns bursting into the colony with a ‘must have’ site. If no other ant solicits before they do then the ant can assume their selected site is the best site currently available. If a better site is located the returning worker ant would also start soliciting ants and the cascading effect ensues but at a faster rate because of the superior site.

    The quorum part is the large number of ants going to the same prospective site. The sensing part is realizing that the quorum has reached a critical mass and thus a decision has been made. Quorum sensing is used in nearly every type of swarm including ants and bees, fireflies, light emitting bacteria, fish that swim in schools, even mobs and businesses. Each organization using quorum sensing differently, but the principles remain the same. Fireflies use quorums to determine where they should gather, light emitting bacteria to know when there are enough of them to make their light noticeable. Ants and bees use it to determine the most suitable location for the swarm without the time or danger of each member inspecting each site. Mobs use quorum sensing to determine why they are mobbing and what or whom they are going to mob.

    Often in society we like to think that we are above such a fundamental practice of quorum sensing, but in reality we are steeped in it. No change can ever be effected unless a significant group, either is quantity or quality, approves the change. This is true in the corporate boardroom where leaders are appointed and even for the president of the United States who is elected. Swarms of people wait when new technology and products are introduced for a quorum, usually a select group of famous people, to endorse them new items before they themselves begin using them. Have you ever heard the phrase “I’m waiting until the next version to buy it” or “we’ll see how well to works”? These are both cases of waiting until the quorum concludes that the change is acceptable. Another version implies that enough ‘ants’ approved the earlier version, usually by purchasing it, that the manufacturer could survive long enough to make the next version thus the quorum has been reached. Waiting for reviews of a new product is waiting for another ‘ant’ to solicit your use of the product; the early ‘ant’ is convincing you to inspect the new ‘site’ thus building the quorum.

    Quorum dynamics are the governing principles behind quorum sensing. Quorum dynamics consists of two parts as briefly mentioned earlier: quality and quantity.

    Quality is the voting power a particular member has. Some members have a lot of sway, unofficially and officially, while others do not. Some people can give a thousand word opinion and not convince another soul while others can give a single look and convince the whole quorum. In a family the mom would be expected to carry a higher quality rating than a child and an adult child more than a juvenile. Quality ratings aren’t always along predictable or constant: an adult child would carry a higher quality rating than their mom on their wedding day.

    The second attribute in quorum sensing is quantity, simply the number of agreeable members in the quorum. The total number of members is of little importance as few decisions rely on raw votes. For example, the decision over where a family will eat out likely rests with the parents not the four children. The parent’s decision may be overruled if the children orchestrated a loud protest, thus exercising their voting power and the quorum decision would have achieved critical mass.

    Every person with voting power, regardless of quality rating, is a “valid quorum member” and every “valid quorum member” has voting power. Valid quorum members can be adapted to members present and as the situation dictates. For example, when a visiting uncle arrives, though not a member of the immediate family, he becomes a valid quorum member and can affect policy decisions. On the other hand, if a grandfather dies, his grandchildren may have no voting power in funeral arrangements though they might have voting power in decisions about the family’s summer vacation. It is also possible to be part of the quorum but to have no voting power. Parents to give a lot of advice to their newly married children and thus influence the outcome of the vote, but they themselves have no voting power.

    Quorum sensing’s critical mass is a function of quality times quantity. For a decision to be made enough people with enough voting power must reach consensus. In the example of the children going out to eat, their consensus overrode the decision of a single parent, but likely would not have withstood both parents’ consensus. The threshold for each decision varies based on the importance of that decision. Children will are more likely to influence important decisions like where the family will move to but have less influence over what kind of car the dad buys for commuting to work.

    Organizations use quorum sensing to sustain leaders and managers. A president may appoint a new department head, but the new department head will still need to get his department to ‘sustain’ him as a leader. While the quorum is vetting, the employees of the department will lack both trust and confidence in the leader. The quorum is likely to consist of key department staff, key in the sense of office politics and likeability not in the sense of job level or authority. A well liked janitor may have a higher quality rating than an annoying mid-level manager. It is important to remember that only valid quorum members can vote. The bimbo mail boy’s vote won’t be counted and neither will the department head even though he is part of the quorum. The length of the vetting depends on the perceived quality of the leader, just like the ant’s delay in soliciting others to inspect the new site is determined by the perceived quality of the site. The more confident quorum members are in the new leader the more excited they will be to rally behind them, the less confident they are the less excited. Once a quorum member approves of the new leader they will solicit others to rally with them. This process will continue until a critical mass is reached, in both quality and quantity or until the vote fails by default because it takes too long.

    If a sufficient quorum consensus is never reached then the quorum will either remain divided over the perceived competence level of the new leader, probably causing the larger quorum to divide into small quorums, or the quorum members who voted in the affirmative will retract their vote, and their support, until the new leader is left without a sustainable platform.